Twelvers
See also:
Twelver
Twelver
According
to the Twelver Shia, the main goal of the Mahdi will be to establish an Islamic
state and to apply Islamic laws that were revealed to Muhammad.[44] The Mahdi is believed to be the Twelfth Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi.[45] they believe that the Twelfth Imam
will return from the Occultation as the Mahdi with "a company of his
chosen ones," and his enemies will be led by Antichrist and the Sufyani. The two armies will fight "one
final apocalyptic battle" where the Mahdi and his forces will prevail over
evil. After the Mahdi has ruled Earth for a number of years, Isa will return.[3]
to the Twelver Shia, the main goal of the Mahdi will be to establish an Islamic
state and to apply Islamic laws that were revealed to Muhammad.[44] The Mahdi is believed to be the Twelfth Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi.[45] they believe that the Twelfth Imam
will return from the Occultation as the Mahdi with "a company of his
chosen ones," and his enemies will be led by Antichrist and the Sufyani. The two armies will fight "one
final apocalyptic battle" where the Mahdi and his forces will prevail over
evil. After the Mahdi has ruled Earth for a number of years, Isa will return.[3]
The name
of Imam as it appears in Masjid Nabawi
of Imam as it appears in Masjid Nabawi
Sunni ans Sufi Authors Sharing Twelvers View on
Mahdi
Mahdi
In
648/1250-1 the Syrian Shafi'i author Muḥammad b.
Yusuf al-Gandji al-Kurashi wrote K. al-Bayan fi akhbar sahib al-zaman in
proving the Mahdiship of the Twelfth Imam using Sunni traditions. In 650/1252
Kamalal-Din Muḥammad b. Talha al-ʿAdawi al-Nisibini, a Shafi'i scholar composed
his Maṭalib al-suʾul fi manaḳib al al-rasul answering Sunni objections to the
belief that the Twelfth Imām was the Mahdi. The Sibt ibn al-Jawzi wrote Tadhkirat khawass al-umma
bi-dhikr khasaʾis al-aʾimma collecting hadiths from Sunni sources about the
virtues of ʿAli and his descendants, and at the end affirmed that the Twelfth
Imam was the Expected Qaʾim and Mahdi. Among Sufi
circles Abu Bakr al-Bayhaḳī (d. 458/1066) had noted that
some Sufi gnostics (djamaʿa min ahl al-kashf) agreed with the Imami doctrine
about the identity of the Mahdi and his ghayba (occultation). The Persian Sufi
Sadr al-Din Ibrahim al-Hammuyi (late 7th/13th century) supported Imami doctrine
on the Mahdi in his Faraʾid al-simtayn. The Egyptian Sufi al-Shaʿrani, while
generally showing no sympathy for Shiʿism affirmed in his al-Yawaḳit wa
’l-dj̲awahir (written in 958/1551) that the Mahdi was a son of Imam al-Hasan
al-ʿAskari born in the year 255/869 and would remain alive until his meeting
with Jesus.[46]
648/1250-1 the Syrian Shafi'i author Muḥammad b.
Yusuf al-Gandji al-Kurashi wrote K. al-Bayan fi akhbar sahib al-zaman in
proving the Mahdiship of the Twelfth Imam using Sunni traditions. In 650/1252
Kamalal-Din Muḥammad b. Talha al-ʿAdawi al-Nisibini, a Shafi'i scholar composed
his Maṭalib al-suʾul fi manaḳib al al-rasul answering Sunni objections to the
belief that the Twelfth Imām was the Mahdi. The Sibt ibn al-Jawzi wrote Tadhkirat khawass al-umma
bi-dhikr khasaʾis al-aʾimma collecting hadiths from Sunni sources about the
virtues of ʿAli and his descendants, and at the end affirmed that the Twelfth
Imam was the Expected Qaʾim and Mahdi. Among Sufi
circles Abu Bakr al-Bayhaḳī (d. 458/1066) had noted that
some Sufi gnostics (djamaʿa min ahl al-kashf) agreed with the Imami doctrine
about the identity of the Mahdi and his ghayba (occultation). The Persian Sufi
Sadr al-Din Ibrahim al-Hammuyi (late 7th/13th century) supported Imami doctrine
on the Mahdi in his Faraʾid al-simtayn. The Egyptian Sufi al-Shaʿrani, while
generally showing no sympathy for Shiʿism affirmed in his al-Yawaḳit wa
’l-dj̲awahir (written in 958/1551) that the Mahdi was a son of Imam al-Hasan
al-ʿAskari born in the year 255/869 and would remain alive until his meeting
with Jesus.[46]
Isma'ilis
See also:
Isma'ilism
Isma'ilism
For the Sevener Ismāʿīlī, the Imāmate ended with Isma'il
ibn Ja'far, whose son Muhammad ibn Ismail
was the expected Mahdi that Ja'far al-Sadiq had preached about. However, at
this point the Ismāʿīlī Imāms according to the Nizari and Mustaali found areas
where they would be able to be safe from the recently founded Abbasid Caliphate, which had defeated and seized
control from the Umayyads in 750 AD.[47]
ibn Ja'far, whose son Muhammad ibn Ismail
was the expected Mahdi that Ja'far al-Sadiq had preached about. However, at
this point the Ismāʿīlī Imāms according to the Nizari and Mustaali found areas
where they would be able to be safe from the recently founded Abbasid Caliphate, which had defeated and seized
control from the Umayyads in 750 AD.[47]
Other sects
Main
article: List of Mahdi
claimants
article: List of Mahdi
claimants
Ahmadiyya
Main
article: Ahmadiyya
article: Ahmadiyya
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad,
founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement
in Islam, accepted as the Promised Messiah and Mahdi in Ahmadiyya
founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement
in Islam, accepted as the Promised Messiah and Mahdi in Ahmadiyya
See also:
Prophethood in
Ahmadiyya Islam and Jesus in Ahmadiyya
Islam
Prophethood in
Ahmadiyya Islam and Jesus in Ahmadiyya
Islam
In
Ahmadiyya belief the terms "Messiah" and
"Mahdi" are synonymous terms for one and the same person. Like the
term Messiah which, among other meanings, in essence means being anointed
by God or appointed by God the term "Mahdi" means guided
by God, thus both imply a direct ordination or commissioning and a spiritual
nurturing by God of a divinely chosen individual. According to Ahmadiyya
thought the prophesied eschatological figures of Christianity and Islam, the
Messiah and Mahdi, were in fact to be fulfilled in one person who was to
represent all previous prophets.[48] The prophecies concerning the Mahdi or the Second Coming of Jesus
are seen by Ahmadis as metaphorical and subject to interpretation. It is argued
that one was to be born and rise within the dispensation of Muhammad, who by virtue of his similarity and
affinity with Jesus, and the similarity in nature, temperament and disposition
of the people of Jesus' time and the people of the time of the promised one
(the Mahdi) is called by the same name.[49]
Ahmadiyya belief the terms "Messiah" and
"Mahdi" are synonymous terms for one and the same person. Like the
term Messiah which, among other meanings, in essence means being anointed
by God or appointed by God the term "Mahdi" means guided
by God, thus both imply a direct ordination or commissioning and a spiritual
nurturing by God of a divinely chosen individual. According to Ahmadiyya
thought the prophesied eschatological figures of Christianity and Islam, the
Messiah and Mahdi, were in fact to be fulfilled in one person who was to
represent all previous prophets.[48] The prophecies concerning the Mahdi or the Second Coming of Jesus
are seen by Ahmadis as metaphorical and subject to interpretation. It is argued
that one was to be born and rise within the dispensation of Muhammad, who by virtue of his similarity and
affinity with Jesus, and the similarity in nature, temperament and disposition
of the people of Jesus' time and the people of the time of the promised one
(the Mahdi) is called by the same name.[49]
These
prophecies according to Ahmadi Muslims have been fulfilled in the person of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
(1835–1908), the founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement, who claimed to be divinely
apponited as the second coming of Jesus and the Mahdi in 1891. Contrary to
mainstream Islam, the Ahmadis do not believe that Jesus is alive in heaven, but
claim that he survived the crucifixion and migrated towards the east where he
died a natural death and that Ghulam Ahmad was only the promised spiritual
second coming and likeness of Jesus, the promised Messiah and Mahdi.[50][51]
prophecies according to Ahmadi Muslims have been fulfilled in the person of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
(1835–1908), the founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement, who claimed to be divinely
apponited as the second coming of Jesus and the Mahdi in 1891. Contrary to
mainstream Islam, the Ahmadis do not believe that Jesus is alive in heaven, but
claim that he survived the crucifixion and migrated towards the east where he
died a natural death and that Ghulam Ahmad was only the promised spiritual
second coming and likeness of Jesus, the promised Messiah and Mahdi.[50][51]
Mahdavia
Main
article: Mahdavia
article: Mahdavia
The
Mahdavia sect, founded by Muhammad Jaunpuri commonly known as Nur Pak
claimed to be the Mahdi in Mecca, in front of Kaaba (between rukn and maqam) in
the Hijri year 901(10th Hijri), and is revered as such by Mahdavia. He was born
in Jaunpur, traveled throughout India, Arabia and Khorasan, where he died at
the town of Farah, Afghanistan at the age of 63. The Mahdavi regard Jaunpuri as
the Imam Mahdi, the Caliph of Allah and the second
most important figure after the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Mahdavia sect, founded by Muhammad Jaunpuri commonly known as Nur Pak
claimed to be the Mahdi in Mecca, in front of Kaaba (between rukn and maqam) in
the Hijri year 901(10th Hijri), and is revered as such by Mahdavia. He was born
in Jaunpur, traveled throughout India, Arabia and Khorasan, where he died at
the town of Farah, Afghanistan at the age of 63. The Mahdavi regard Jaunpuri as
the Imam Mahdi, the Caliph of Allah and the second
most important figure after the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Other religions
Bábí Faith and Bahá'ís
See also:
Siyyid `Alí
Muḥammad Shírází and Mírzá Ḥusayn-`Alí Núrí
Siyyid `Alí
Muḥammad Shírází and Mírzá Ḥusayn-`Alí Núrí
Alí
Muḥammad Shírází (20 October 1819 – 9 July 1850), claimed to be the Mahdi on 24
May 1844, taking the name Báb (Arabic: باب / English: Gate) and thereby
founding the religion of Bábism. He was later executed by firing
squad in the town of Tabriz. His remains are
currently kept in a tomb at the Bahá'í World Centre
in Haifa, Israel.
Muḥammad Shírází (20 October 1819 – 9 July 1850), claimed to be the Mahdi on 24
May 1844, taking the name Báb (Arabic: باب / English: Gate) and thereby
founding the religion of Bábism. He was later executed by firing
squad in the town of Tabriz. His remains are
currently kept in a tomb at the Bahá'í World Centre
in Haifa, Israel.
The Báb
is considered the forerunner of Bahá'u'lláh (pronounced
ba-haa-ol-laa / Arabic: بهاء الله / English: Glory of God), and both are considered prophets of
the Bahá'í Faith. The
declaration by the Báb to be the Mahdi is considered by Baha'is to be the
beginning of the Bahá'í calendar.[52]
is considered the forerunner of Bahá'u'lláh (pronounced
ba-haa-ol-laa / Arabic: بهاء الله / English: Glory of God), and both are considered prophets of
the Bahá'í Faith. The
declaration by the Báb to be the Mahdi is considered by Baha'is to be the
beginning of the Bahá'í calendar.[52]
Sikhism
Main
article: Sikhism
article: Sikhism
In Dasam Granth, the Sikh scripture attributed to
the tenth Sikh guru Guru Gobind Singh prophesizes the Mahdi (referred
to as "Mahdi Meer") to be born for a purpose of defeating Kalki,
an avatar of Vishnu. As Kalki becomes egoistic and begins
referring to himself as the Almighty, the powerful Mahdi will slay him and rule
the world. However, later he too will become egoistic and will begin referring
to himself as god. The unmanifested Brahman (Supreme God) will kill Mahdi by creating
an insect, which goes into Mahdi's ear and kills him.[53][54]
the tenth Sikh guru Guru Gobind Singh prophesizes the Mahdi (referred
to as "Mahdi Meer") to be born for a purpose of defeating Kalki,
an avatar of Vishnu. As Kalki becomes egoistic and begins
referring to himself as the Almighty, the powerful Mahdi will slay him and rule
the world. However, later he too will become egoistic and will begin referring
to himself as god. The unmanifested Brahman (Supreme God) will kill Mahdi by creating
an insect, which goes into Mahdi's ear and kills him.[53][54]
Persons claiming to be the Mahdi
Main
articles: Mahdiism and People
claiming to be the Mahdi
articles: Mahdiism and People
claiming to be the Mahdi
Muhammad Ahmad, a Sudanese Sufi sheikh, created a
state, the Mahdiyah, on the
basis of his claim to be the Mahdi.
state, the Mahdiyah, on the
basis of his claim to be the Mahdi.
The
following individuals (or their adherents on their behalf) have claimed to be
the Mahdi:
following individuals (or their adherents on their behalf) have claimed to be
the Mahdi:
- The first historical
reference to a movement using the name of Mahdi is al-Mukhtar's rebellion against the Umayyad caliphate
in 686 CE, almost 50 years after Muhammad's death. Al-Mukhtar claimed that
Muhammad ibn
al-Hanafiyyah, a son of the fourth caliph and first Shia Imam,
Ali, was the Mahdi and would save the Muslim
people from the rule of the Umayyads. Ibn
al-Hanifiyyah himself was not actively involved in the rebellion, and when
the Umayyads successfully quashed it, they left him undisturbed. - Al-Hakim bi-Amr
Allah (985 – 13 February 1021), founder of the Druze sect.[55] - Ibn Tumart (1080-1130) founder and religious
leader of the Almohad Caliphate
in Morocco and Al-andalus - Muhammad Jaunpuri
(1443–1505), founder of the Mahdavi sect. (See above.) - Ahmed ibn Abi
Mahalli (1559–1613), from the south of Morocco, was a Qādī and religious scholar who proclaimed
himself mahdi and lead a revolution (1610–13) against the reigning Saadi dynasty. - The Báb, (Siyyid `Alí
Muḥammad Shírází) claimed to be the Mahdi in 1844 A.D (in
the year 1260 A.H), thereby founding the religion of Bábism. He was later executed by
firing squad in the town of Tabriz. His remains are currently kept in a
tomb at the Bahá'í World Centre
in Haifa, Israel. The Báb is considered the forerunner
of Bahá'u'lláh, and
both are considered prophets of the Bahá'í Faith. The
declaration by the Báb to be the Mahdi is considered by Baha'is to be the
beginning of the Bahá'í calendar.[56] - Muhammad Ahmad (1845–1885), a Sudanese Sufi
sheikh of the Samaniyya order, declared himself Mahdi in June 1881 and
went on to lead a successful military campaign
against the Turko-Egyptian
government of Sudan. Although he died shortly after capturing
the Sudanese capital, Khartoum, in 1885, the Mahdist state
continued under his successor, Abdallahi ibn
Muhammad, until 1898, when it fell to the British army following the Battle of Omdurman.[57][58] - Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
(1835–1908) claimed to be both the Mahdi and the second coming of
Jesus in the late nineteenth century in British India and founded the Ahmadiyya religious movement in 1889. (See above.) - Muhammad
bin abd Allah al-Qahtani was proclaimed the Mahdi by his
brother-in-law, Juhayman al-Otaibi,
who led over 200 militants to seize the Grand
Mosque in Mecca in November 1979.
The uprising was defeated after a two-week siege in which at least 300
people were killed. - Muhammad ibn
Abdallah An-Nafs Az-Zakiyya - Muhammad
ibn Abdullah al-Aftah ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq - Ja'far al-Sadiq
(according to the Tawussite Shia) - Musa al-Kadhim (according to the Waqifite Shia)
- Muhammad
ibn Qasim (al-Alawi) - Yahya ibn Umar
- Muhammad ibn Ali
al-Hadi - Riaz Ahmed Gohar
Shahi (according to Messiah
Foundation International) - Diponegoro, Javanese prince during the Java War
- Wallace Fard
Muhammad, founder of the Nation of Islam - Zahran Alloush
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